Models need to start simple and add complexity, testing during development against historical examples and current realities. Greater complexity can then be added, with further testing of model validity. (Hamner) Component subsystems, such as the effects of poverty on the progression of conflict, can be identified and studied as necessary elements of larger models and as test beds for systems engineering in peacebuilding. (Morris)

Focusing on specific problems, such as the ones examined at the workshop, provides a way of exploring and elaborating on the application of operational systems engineering to peacebuilding while also yielding concrete recommendations for action. Field tests of specific applications of systems engineering could demonstrate the viability of an approach. (Shelby) Discussion of specific problems also provides an effective way to improve dialogue among parties.

The application of operational systems engineering to peacebuilding will have to accommodate the development of data in a context in which resources on the ground are focused on interventions, not data collection. It must be emphasized that in a conflict environment the need to protect data and sources is paramount. Identification and prioritization of data needs may constitute an important early use of models.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLABORATION

The development of models will require collaboration and iteration between peacebuilders and systems engineers. (Ricigliano) This process will reveal biases on both sides and compel participants to see systems as they really are rather than how they perceive them to be. (Himelfarb)

Participants at the workshop were particularly optimistic about the test cases. Each of the case studies examined could be extended and deepened. (Morris) In Kenya, a statistical history of election violence could be analyzed to mitigate future violence. In South Sudan, the analysis of data at different levels of societal organization could enhance food security. In Haiti, analysis of the reasons for homelessness could improve the lives of people living in tent camps. These efforts would offer fertile ground for testing the application of operational systems engineering to specific peacebuilding needs.

Successful applications of operational systems engineering to peacebuilding will require broader resourcing. Expansion of the breadth of NGOs represented at the workshop would provide additional perspectives and data for systems analyses while also bringing new perspectives to those organizations. (Morris) The collaboration among groups at the workshop could be